Iraq: Investing in Iraq
According to UNCTAD's World Investment Report 2023, FDI inflows stood at USD -2 billion in 2022, compared to USD -2.6 billion one year earlier. Since 2013 the FDI inflow has been negative, Iraq has had trouble attracting foreign capital because of its substantial security problems, fragile institutions and lack of governance. However, data from fDi Markets reveals that inbound foreign direct investment reached an unprecedented USD 24 billion during the initial nine months of this year, surpassing more than double the previous annual record set in 2008. Hydrocarbons continue to draw in foreign companies, and the majority of FDI goes to the oil industry. In addition to the oil industry, the production of cement and the construction & public works sector offer interesting opportunities for investment. Iraq is estimated to require approximately USD 57 billion to address its reconstruction needs, as outlined by the World Bank. In pursuit of meeting these demands, authorities are actively endeavoring to attract international oil companies while also fostering investment in non-oil sectors, including construction, renewables, clean energy, and banking.
According to Iraqi law, a foreign investor is entitled to make investments in Iraq on terms no less favourable than those applicable to an Iraqi investor, and the amount of foreign participation is not limited. However, Iraq’s National Investment Law limits foreign direct and indirect ownership of natural resources, particularly the extraction and processing of any natural resources. Further restrictions apply to the ownership of banks and insurance companies. According to the National Investment Law, the Iraqi government reserves the right to screen foreign direct investment. Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing institutions needed to implement economic policies. Furthermore, political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate. The Iraqi government is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces several obstacles, including a weak political system and concerns about security and social stability. The security environment, including the threat of resurgent extremist groups, remains an investment impediment in many parts of the country. Other lingering effects of the fight against ISIS include major disruptions of key domestic and international trade routes and the negative impacts on respective economic infrastructure. Iraq continues to face challenges in its operating environment, characterized by its heavy reliance on oil revenues, which constitute 99% of exports and 85% of the budget over the last decade, as noted by the World Bank. This dependency leaves the country vulnerable to fluctuations in energy prices. Despite its significant oil resources, Iraq grapples with energy shortages, enduring blackouts lasting up to 12 hours daily. Compounding this issue, approximately 40% of its electricity is imported from Iran, underscoring its energy scarcity. Attracting FDI is crucial to efforts to rebuild the country, particularly given the lack of local finance, but the country’s investment climate is attractive only to institutions with the highest tolerance of risk. Corruption, obsolete infrastructure, a lack of skilled labour and outdated commercial laws hinder investment and continue to constrain growth of private, non-oil sectors. Iraq ranks 154th out of 180 countries in the 2023 Corruption Perception Index, while it is not ranked on the Global Innovation Index 2023 and on the latest Index of Economic Freedom.
Foreign Direct Investment | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
FDI Inward Flow (million USD) | -2,859 | -2,637 | -2,088 |
FDI Stock (million USD) | 0 | 0 | n/a |
Number of Greenfield Investments* | 1 | 7 | 11 |
Value of Greenfield Investments (million USD) | 1,063 | 1,090 | 1,046 |
Source: UNCTAD, Latest available data
Note: * Greenfield Investments are a form of Foreign Direct Investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up.
Country Comparison For the Protection of Investors | Iraq | Middle East & North Africa | United States | Germany |
Index of Transaction Transparency* | 4.0 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Manager’s Responsibility** | 5.0 | 4.8 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Shareholders’ Power*** | 5.0 | 4.7 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Source: Doing Business, Latest available data
Note: *The Greater the Index, the More Transparent the Conditions of Transactions. **The Greater the Index, the More the Manager is Personally Responsible. *** The Greater the Index, the Easier it Will Be For Shareholders to Take Legal Action.
Iraq ranked 168th out of 190 countries in the 2018 Doing Business report by the World Bank.
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Latest Update: April 2024